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Electrokinetic remediation
Electrokinetics remediation, also termed electrokinetics, is a technique of using direct electric current to remove organic, inorganic and heavy metal particles from the soil by electric potential.〔R. Iyer, "Electrokinetic Remediation," Particulate Science and Technology: An International Journal, vol. 19, 2001, p. 219.〕〔Wada, Shin-Ichiro; Umegaki, Yuki (1 June 2001). "Major Ion and Electrical Potential Distribution in Soil under Electrokinetic Remediation". Environmental Science & Technology 35 (11): 2151-2155. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es001335j.〕〔Acar, Yalcin B.; Alshawabkeh, Akram N. (1 December 1993). "(Principles of electrokinetic remediation )". Environmental Science & Technology 27 (13): 2638-2647. 10.1021/es00049a002.〕 The use of this technique provides an approach with minimum disturbance to the surface while treating subsurface contaminants.
==System Components==
A basic electrokinetics remediation site contains an external direct current source, a positively charged electrode (or anode) and a negatively charged electrode (or a cathode) placed into the ground. Placement of electrodes are based on size and shape of known contaminant plumes. The removal of contaminants and prevention of plume migration are big influences in determining the arrangement of electrodes. Each electrode is encased in a reservoir well in which an electrolytic solution can be injected.〔H.D. Sharma, Geoenvironmental Engineering: Site Remediation, Waste Containment, and Emerging Waste Management Technologies, Hoboken, N.J: Wiley, 2004.〕 The electrolytic solutions serve both as a conducting media (or pore fluid) and as a means to extract contaminants and introduce chemicals or biological entities.〔Y.B. Acar, R.J. Gale, A.N. Alshawabkeh, R.E. Marks, S. Puppala, M. Bricka, and R. Parker, "Electrokinetic remediation: Basics and technology status," Journal of Hazardous Materials, vol. 40, Feb. 1995, pp. 117-137.〕 Another use of the electrolytic solution is for control and/or depolarization of electrode reactions. Immersed in a solution the electrodes can result in oxidation at the anode site and the reduction at the cathodic site.〔 The oxidation and formation of an acidic front are by products of the process and cause varying degree of influence to the system. By pumping, processing and testing the electrolytic solution at each electrode site you can extend the life and efficiency of the system.
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